THE FORMATION OF A CENTRALIZED GOVERNANCE SYSTEM IN ANCIENT KHOREZM AN ANALYSIS BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND WRITTEN SOURCES
Matyakubov Khamdam Khamidzhanov
Professor of Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhan Beruni, Doctor of Historical Sciences
Keywords: Ancient Khorezm, Khorezmian statehood, Achaemenids, Kalalykyr , Kuzalykyr, political administration, territorial-administrative structure, archaeological sources, written sources.
Abstract
This article analyzes the issues of the formation and development of ancient Khorezmian statehood in the period preceding the Achaemenid era. The study examines the political-territorial structure of Khorezm, its system of governance, and the processes of formation of state institutions on the basis of archaeological and written sources. The architectural and defensive features of such archaeological monuments as Kalalykyr and Kuzalykyr are considered as important evidence indicating that administrative-political centers already existed in ancient Khorezm prior to the Achaemenid period. In addition, drawing on information from Herodotus, Arrian, and other written sources, the political status of Khorezm, its relations with the Saka-Massagetae tribes, and the political processes of the time of Alexander the Great are analyzed.
